36 SWIG and Scilab

Scilab is a scientific software package for numerical computations providing a powerful open computing environment for engineering and scientific applications that is mostly compatible with MATLAB. More information can be found at www.scilab.org.

This chapter explains how to use SWIG for Scilab. After this introduction, you should be able to generate with SWIG a Scilab external module from a C/C++ library.

36.1 Preliminaries

SWIG for Scilab supports Linux. Other operating systems haven't been tested.

Scilab is supported from version 5.3.3 onwards. The forthcoming version 6, as of January 2015, is also supported.

SWIG for Scilab supports C language. C++ is partially supported. See A basic tour of C/C++ wrapping for further details.

36.2 Running SWIG

Let's see how to use SWIG for Scilab on a small example.
In this example we bind from C a function and a global variable into Scilab. The SWIG interface (stored in a file named example.i), is the following:

%module example

%inline %{
double Foo = 3.0;

int fact(int n) {
  if (n < 0) {
    return 0;
  }
  else if (n == 0) {
    return 1;
  }
  else {
    return n * fact(n-1);
  }
}
%}

Note: a code in an %inline section is both parsed and wrapped by SWIG, and inserted as is in the wrapper source file.

36.2.1 Generating the module

The module is generated using the swig executable and its -scilab option.

$ swig -scilab example.i

This command generates two files:

• example_wrap.c: a C source file containing the wrapping code and also here the wrapped code (the fact() and Foo definitions)
• loader.sce: a Scilab script used to load the module into Scilab

Note: if the following error is returned:

:1: Error: Unable to find 'swig.swg'
:3: Error: Unable to find 'scilab.swg'

it may be because the SWIG library is not found. Check the SWIG_LIB environment variable or your SWIG installation.

Note: SWIG for Scilab can work in two modes related to the way the module is built, see the Building modes section for details. This example uses the builder mode.

The swig executable has several other command line options you can use. See Scilab command line options for further details.

36.2.2 Building the module

To be loaded in Scilab, the wrapper has to be built into a dynamic module (or shared library).

The commands to compile and link the wrapper (with gcc) into the shared library libexample.so are:

$ gcc -fPIC -c -I/usr/local/include/scilab example_wrap.c
$ gcc -shared example_wrap.o -o libexample.so

Note: we supposed in this example that the path to the Scilab include directory is /usr/local/include/scilab (which is the case in a Debian environment), this should be changed for another environment.

36.2.3 Loading the module

Loading a module is done by running the loader script in Scilab:

--> exec loader.sce

Scilab should output the following messages:

Shared archive loaded.
Link done.

which means that Scilab has successfully loaded the shared library. The module functions and other symbols are now available in Scilab.

36.2.4 Using the module

In Scilab, the function fact() is simply called as following:

--> fact(5)
ans  =

    120.

For the Foo global variable, the accessors need to be used:

--> Foo_get
ans  =

    3.

--> Foo_set(4);

--> Foo_get
ans  =

    4.

Note: for conciseness, we assume in the subsequent Scilab code examples that the modules have been beforehand built and loaded in Scilab.

36.2.5 Scilab command line options

The following table lists the Scilab specific command line options in addition to the generic SWIG options:

These options can be displayed with:

$ swig -scilab -help

36.3 A basic tour of C/C++ wrapping

36.3.1 Overview

SWIG for Scilab provides only a low-level C interface for Scilab (see Scripting Languages for the general approach to wrapping). This means that functions, structs, classes, variables, etc... are interfaced through C functions. These C functions are mapped as Scilab functions. There are a few exceptions, such as constants and enumerations, which can be wrapped directly as Scilab variables.

36.3.2 Identifiers

In Scilab 5.x, identifier names are composed of 24 characters maximum (this limitation disappears from Scilab 6.0 onwards).
By default, variable, member, and function names longer than 24 characters are truncated, and a warning is produced for each truncation.

This can cause ambiguities, especially when wrapping structs/classes, for which the wrapped function name is composed of the struct/class name and field names. In these cases, the %rename directive can be used to choose a different Scilab name.

36.3.3 Functions

Functions are wrapped as new Scilab built-in functions. For example:

%module example

%inline %{
int fact(int n) {
  if (n > 1)
    return n * fact(n - 1);
  else
    return 1;
}
%}

creates a built-in function fact(n) in Scilab:

--> fact(4)
ans  =

    24.

36.3.3.1 Argument passing

In the above example, the function parameter is a primitive type and is marshalled by value. So this function is wrapped without any additional customization. Argument values are converted between C types and Scilab types through type mappings. There are several default type mappings for primitive and complex types, described later in the Scilab typemaps section.

When a parameter is not passed by value, such as a pointer or reference, SWIG does not know if it is an input, output (or both) parameter. The INPUT, OUTPUT, INOUT typemaps defined in the typemaps.i library can be used to specify this.

Let's see this on two simple functions: sub() which has an output parameter, and inc(), which as input/output parameter:

%module example

%include <typemaps.i>

extern void sub(int *INPUT, int *INPUT, int *OUTPUT);
extern void inc(int *INOUT, int *INPUT);

%{
void sub(int *x, int *y, int *result) {
  *result = *x - *y;
}
void inc(int *x, int *delta) {
  *x = *x + *delta;
}
%}

In Scilab, parameters are passed by value. The output (and inout) parameters are returned as the result of the functions:

--> sub(5, 3)
 ans  =

    2.

--> inc(4, 3)
 ans  =

    7.

36.3.3.2 Multiple output arguments

A C function can have several output parameters. They can all be returned as results of the wrapped function as Scilab supports multiple return values from a function when using the typemaps.i library. If the C function itself returns a result, this is returned first before the parameter outputs.

The example below shows this for a C function returning 2 values and a result:

%module example

%include <typemaps.i>

int divide(int n, int d, int *OUTPUT, int *OUTPUT);

%{
  int divide(int n, int d, int q*, int *r) {
    if (d != 0) {
      *q = n / d;
      *r = n % d;
      return 1;
    } else {
      return 0;
    }
  }
%}

--> [ret, q, r] = divide(20, 6)
 r  =

    2.
 q  =

    3.
 ret  =

    1.

36.3.4 Global variables

Global variables are manipulated through generated accessor functions. For example, for a given Foo global variable, SWIG actually generates two functions: Foo_get() to get the value of Foo, and Foo_set() to set the value. These functions are used as following:

--> exec loader.sce;
--> c = Foo_get();

--> Foo_set(4);

--> c
c =

    3.

--> Foo_get()
ans  =

    4.

It works for variables of primitive type, but also for non-primitive types: arrays, and structs/classes which are described later. For now, an example with two global primitive arrays x and y is shown:

%module example

%inline %{
int x[10];
double y[7];

void initArrays()
{
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    x[i] = 1;
  for (i = 0; i < 7; i++)
    y[i] = 1.0f;
}
%}

It works the same:

--> exec loader.sce

--> initArrays();
--> x_get()
 ans  =

    1.    1.    1.    1.    1.    1.    1.    1.    1.    1.

--> y_set([0:6] / 10);
--> y_get()
 ans  =

    0.    0.1    0.2    0.3    0.4    0.5    0.6

36.3.5 Constants and enumerations

36.3.5.1 Constants

There is not any constant in Scilab. By default, C/C++ constants are wrapped as getter functions. For example, for the following constants:

%module example
#define    ICONST      42
#define    FCONST      2.1828
#define    CCONST      'x'
#define    CCONST2     '\n'
#define    SCONST      "Hello World"
#define    SCONST2     "\"Hello World\""

the following getter functions are generated:

--> exec loader.sce;
--> ICONST_get();
 ans  =

    42.

--> FCONST_get();
 ans  =

    2.1828

--> CCONST_get();
 ans  =

    x

--> CCONST2_get();
 ans  =

--> SCONST_get();
 ans  =

    Hello World

--> SCONST2_get();
 ans  =

    "Hello World"

--> EXPR_get();
 ans  =

    48.5484

--> iconst_get();
 ans  =

    37.

--> fconst_get();
 ans  =

    3.14

There is another mode in which constants are wrapped as Scilab variables. The variables are easier to use than functions, but the drawback is that variables are not constant and so can be modified.

This mode can be enabled/disabled at any time in the interface file with %scilabconst(), which works like all the other %feature directives. Use the argument value "1" to enable and "0" to disable this mode. For example in this mode the previous constants:

%module example

%scilabconst(1);
#define    ICONST      42
#define    FCONST      2.1828
#define    CCONST      'x'
#define    CCONST2     '\n'
#define    SCONST      "Hello World"
#define    SCONST2     "\"Hello World\""

are mapped to Scilab variables, with the same name:

--> exec loader.sce;
--> ICONST
 ans  =

    42

--> FCONST
 ans  =

    2.1828

--> CCONST
 ans  =

    x

--> CCONST2
 ans  =

--> SCONST
 ans  =

    Hello World

--> SCONST2
 ans  =

    "Hello World"

--> EXPR
 ans  =

    48.5484

--> iconst
 ans  =

    37

--> fconst
 ans  =

    3.14

36.3.5.2 Enumerations

The wrapping of enums is the same as for constants. By default, enums are wrapped as getter functions. For example, with the following enumeration:

%module example
typedef enum { RED, BLUE, GREEN } color;

a getter function will be generated for each value of the enumeration:

--> exec loader.sce;
--> RED_get()
 ans  =

    0.

--> BLUE_get()
 ans  =

    1.

--> GREEN_get()
 ans  =

    2.

The %scilabconst() feature is also available for enumerations:

%module example
%scilabconst(1) color;
typedef enum { RED, BLUE, GREEN } color;

--> exec loader.sce;
--> RED
 ans  =

    0.

--> BLUE
 ans  =

    1.

--> GREEN
 ans  =

    2.

36.3.6 Pointers

Pointers are supported by SWIG. A pointer can be returned from a wrapped C/C++ function, stored in a Scilab variable, and used in input argument of another C/C++ function.

Also, thanks to the SWIG runtime which stores information about types, pointer types are tracked between exchanges Scilab and the native code. Indeed pointer types are stored alongside the pointer address. A pointer is mapped to a Scilab structure (tlist), which contains as fields the pointer address and the pointer type (in fact a pointer to the type information structure in the SWIG runtime).
Why a native pointer is not mapped to a Scilab pointer (type name: "pointer", type ID: 128) ? The big advantage of mapping to a tlist is that it exposes a new type for the pointer in Scilab, type which can be accessed in Scilab with the typeof function, and manipulated using the overloading mechanism.

Notes:

• type tracking needs the SWIG runtime to be first initialized with the appropriate function (see the Module initialization section).
• for any reason, if a wrapped pointer type is unknown (or if the SWIG runtime is not initialized), SWIG maps it to a Scilab pointer. Also, a Scilab pointer is always accepted as a pointer argument of a wrapped function. The drawback is that pointer type is lost.

Following is an example of the wrapping of the C FILE* pointer:

%module example

%{
#include <stdio.h>
%}

FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);
int fputs(const char *, FILE *);
int fclose(FILE *);

These functions can be used the same way as in C from Scilab:

--> example_Init();

--> f = fopen("junk", "w");
--> typeof(f)
 ans  =

  _p_FILE

--> fputs("Hello World", f);
--> fclose(f);

Note: the type name _p_FILE which means "pointer to FILE".

The user of a pointer is responsible for freeing it or, like in the example, closing any resources associated with it (just as is required in a C program).

36.3.6.1 Utility functions

As a scripting language, Scilab does not provide functions to manipulate pointers. However, in some cases it can be useful, such as for testing or debugging.

SWIG comes with two pointer utility functions:

• SWIG_this(): returns the address value of a pointer
• SWIG_ptr(): creates a pointer from an address value

Note: a pointer created by SWIG_ptr() does not have any type and is mapped as a Scilab pointer.

Following we use the utility functions on the previous example:

--> f = fopen("junk", "w");
--> fputs("Hello", f);
--> addr = SWIG_this(f)
 ans  =

    8219088.

--> p = SWIG_ptr(addr);
--> typeof(p)
ans  =

  pointer

--> fputs(" World", p);
--> fclose(f);

36.3.6.2 Null pointers:

Using the previous SWIG_this() and SWIG_ptr(), it is possible to create and check null pointers:

--> p = SWIG_ptr(0);
--> SWIG_this(p) == 0
 ans  =

    T

36.3.7 Structures

Structs exist in Scilab, but C structs are not (at least in this version of SWIG) mapped to Scilab structs. A C structure is wrapped through low-level accessor functions, i.e. functions that give access to the member variables of this structure. In Scilab, a structure is manipulated through a pointer which is passed as an argument to the accessor functions.

Let's see it on an example of a struct with two members:

%module example

%inline %{

typedef struct {
  int x;
  int arr[4];
} Foo;

%}

Several functions are generated:

• a constructor function new_Foo() which returns a pointer to a newly created struct Foo.
• two member getter functions Foo_x_get(), Foo_arr_get(), to get the values of x and y for the struct pointer (provided as the first parameter to these functions)
• two member setter functions Foo_x_set(), Foo_arr_set(), to set the values of x and y for the struct pointer (provided as the first parameter to these functions).
• a destructor function delete_Foo() to release the struct pointer.

Usage example:

--> f = new_Foo();
--> Foo_x_set(f, 100);
--> Foo_x_get(f)
ans  =

    100.

--> Foo_arr_set(f, [0:3]);
--> Foo_arr_get(f)
ans  =

    0.    1.    2.    3.

--> delete_Foo(f);

Members of a structure that are also structures are also accepted and wrapped as a pointer:

%module example

%inline %{

typedef struct {
  int x;
} Bar;

typedef struct {
  Bar b;
} Foo;

%}

--> b = new_Bar();
--> Bar_x_set(b, 20.);

--> f = new_Foo();
--> Foo_b_set(f, b);

--> b2 = Foo_b_get(f);
--> Bar_x_get(b2);
ans  =

    20.

Note: the pointer to the struct works as described in Pointers. For example, the type of the struct pointer can be get with typeof, as following:

--> example_Init();
--> b = new_Bar();
--> typeof(b)
 ans  =

    _p_Bar
--> delete_Bar(b);

36.3.8 C++ classes

Classes do not exist in Scilab. The classes are wrapped the same way as structs. Low-level accessor functions are generated for class members. Also, constructor and destructor functions are generated to create and destroy an instance of the class.

For example, the following class:

%module example

%inline %{

class Point {
public:
  int x, y;
  Point(int _x, int _y) : x(_x), y(_y) {}
  double distance(const Point& rhs) {
    return sqrt(pow(x-rhs.x, 2) + pow(y-rhs.y, 2));
  }
  void set(int _x, int _y) {
    x=_x;
    y=_y;
  }
};

%}

can be used in Scilab like this:

--> p1 = Point_new(3, 5);
--> p2 = Point_new(1, 2);
--> p1.distance(p2)
ans  =

    3.6056

--> delete_Point(p1);
--> delete_Point(p2);

Note: like structs, class pointers are mapped as described in Pointers. Let's give an example which shows that each class pointer type is a new type in Scilab that can be used for example (through overloading) to implement a custom print for the Point class:

--> function %_p_Point_p(p)
-->     mprintf('[%d, %d]\n', Point_x_get(p), Point_y_get(p));
--> endfunction

--> example_Init();
--> p = new_Point(1, 2)
 p  =

[1, 2]

--> delete_Point(p);

36.3.9 C++ inheritance

Inheritance is supported. SWIG knows the inheritance relationship between classes.

A function is only generated for the class in which it is actually declared. But if one of its parameters is a class, any instance of a derived class is accepted as the argument.

This mechanism also applies for accessor functions: they are generated only in the class in which they are defined. But any instance of a derived class can be used as the argument to these accessor functions.

For example, let's take a base class Shape and two derived classes Circle and Square:

%module example

%inline %{

class Shape {
public:
  double x, y;
  void set_location(double _x, double _y) { x = _x; y = _y; }
  virtual double get_perimeter() { return 0; };
};

class Circle : public Shape {
public:
  int radius;
  Circle(int _radius): radius(_radius) {};
  virtual double get_perimeter() { return 6.28 * radius; }
};

class Square : public Shape {
public:
  int size;
  Square(int _size): size(_size) {};
  virtual double get_perimeter() { return 4 * size; }
};

%}

To set the location of the Circle, we have to use the function set_location() of the parent Shape. But we can use either use the get_perimeter() function of the parent class or the derived class:

--> c = new_Circle(3);

--> Shape_set_location(c, 2, 3);
--> Shape_x_get(c)
 ans  =

    2.

--> Circle_get_perimeter(c)
 ans  =

    18.84

--> Shape_get_perimeter(c)
 ans  =

    18.84

36.3.10 C++ overloading

As explained in Overloaded functions and methods SWIG provides support for overloaded functions and constructors.

As SWIG knows pointer types, the overloading works also with pointer types, here is an example with a function magnify overloaded for the previous classes Shape and Circle:

%module example

void magnify(Square *square, double factor) {
  square->size *= factor;
};

void magnify(Circle *circle, double factor) {
  square->radius *= factor;
};

--> example_Init();
--> c = new_Circle(3);
--> s = new_Square(2);

--> magnify(c, 10);
--> Circle_get_radius(c)
 ans  =

   30;
--> magnify(s, 10);
--> Square_get_size(s)
 ans  =

   20;

36.3.11 Pointers, references, values, and arrays

In C++ objects can be passed by value, pointer, reference, or by an array:

%module example

%{
#include <sciprint.h>
%}

%inline %{

class Foo {
public:
  Foo(int _x) : x(_x) {}
  int x;
};

void spam1(Foo *f)  { sciprint("%d\n", f->x); }   // Pass by pointer
void spam2(Foo &f)  { sciprint("%d\n", f.x); }    // Pass by reference
void spam3(Foo f)   { sciprint("%d\n", f.x); }    // Pass by value
void spam4(Foo f[]) { sciprint("%d\n", f[0].x); } // Array of objects

%}

In SWIG, there is no real distinction between these. So in Scilab, it is perfectly legal to do this:

--> f = new_Foo()
--> spam1(f)
3
--> spam2(f)
3
--> spam3(f)
3
--> spam4(f)
3

Similar behaviour occurs for return values. For example, if you had functions like this:

Foo *spam5();
Foo &spam6();
Foo  spam7();

All these functions will return a pointer to an instance of Foo. As the function spam7 returns a value, new instance of Foo has to be allocated, and a pointer on this instance is returned.

36.3.12 C++ templates

As in other languages, function and class templates are supported in SWIG Scilab.

You have to tell SWIG to create wrappers for a particular template instantiation. The %template directive is used for this purpose. For example:

%module example

template<class T1, class T2, class T3>
struct triplet {
  T1 first;
  T2 second;
  T3 third;
  triplet(const T1& a, const T2& b, const T3& c) {
    third = a; second = b; third = c;
  }
};

%template(IntTriplet) triplet<int, int, int>;

Then in Scilab:

--> t = new_IntTriplet(3, 4, 1);

--> IntTriplet_first_get(t)
 ans  =

    3.

--> IntTriplet_second_get(t)
 ans  =

    4.

--> IntTriplet_third_get(t)
 ans  =

    1.

--> delete_IntTriplet(t);

More details on template support can be found in the templates documentation.

36.3.13 C++ operators

C++ operators are partially supported. Operator overloading exists in Scilab, but a C++ operator is not (in this version) wrapped by SWIG as a Scilab operator, but as a function. It is not automatic, you have to rename each operator (with the instruction %rename) with the suitable wrapper name.

Let's see it with an example of class with two operators + and double():

%module example

%rename(plus) operator +;
%rename(toDouble) operator double();

%inline %{

class Complex {
public:
  Complex(double re, double im) : real(re), imag(im) {};

  Complex operator+(const Complex& other) {
    double result_real = real + other.real;
    double result_imaginary = imag + other.imag;
    return Complex(result_real, result_imaginary);
  }
  operator double() { return real; }
private:
  double real;
  double imag;
};

%}

--> c1 = new_Complex(3, 7);

--> c2 = Complex_plus(c, new_Complex(1, 1));

--> Complex_toDouble(c2)
 ans  =

    4.

36.3.14 C++ namespaces

SWIG is aware of C++ namespaces, but does not use it for wrappers. The module is not broken into submodules, nor do namespace appear in functions names. All the namespaces are all flattened in the module. For example with one namespace Foo:

%module example

%inline %{

namespace foo {
  int fact(int n) {
    if (n > 1)
      return n * fact(n-1);
    else
      return 1;
  }

  struct Vector {
    double x, y, z;
  };
};

%}

In Scilab, there is no need to the specify the Foo namespace:

--> fact(3)
 ans  =

   6.

--> v = new_Vector();
--> Vector_x_set(v, 3.4);
--> Vector_y_get(v)
 ans  =

   0.

If your program has more than one namespace, name conflicts can be resolved using %rename. For example:

%rename(Bar_spam) Bar::spam;

namespace Foo {
  int spam();
}

namespace Bar {
  int spam();
}

Note: the nspace feature is not supported.

36.3.15 C++ exceptions

Scilab does not natively support exceptions, but has errors. When an exception is thrown, SWIG catches it, and sets a Scilab error. An error message is displayed in Scilab. For example:

%module example

%inline %{
void throw_exception() throw(char const *) {
  throw "Bye world !";
}
%}

-->throw_exception()
  !--error 999
SWIG/Scilab: Exception (char const *) occurred: Bye world !

Scilab has a try-catch mechanism (and a similar instruction execstr()) to handle exceptions. It can be used with the lasterror() function as following:

--> execstr('throw_exception()', 'errcatch');
 ans  =

    999.

--> lasterror()
 ans  =

    SWIG/Scilab: Exception (char const *) occurred: Bye world !

If the function has a throw exception specification, SWIG can automatically map the exception type and set an appropriate Scilab error message. It works for a few primitive types, and also for STL exceptions (the library std_except.i has to be included to get the STL exception support):

%module example

%include <std_except.i>

%inline %{
void throw_int() throw(int) {
  throw 12;
}

void throw_stl_invalid_arg(int i) throw(std::invalid_argument) {
  if (i < 0)
    throw std::invalid_argument("argument is negative.");
}
%}

--> throw_int();
            !--error 999
SWIG/Scilab: Exception (int) occurred: 12

-->throw_stl_invalid_arg(-1);
                          !--error 999
SWIG/Scilab: ValueError: argument is negative.

More complex or custom exception types require specific exception typemaps to be implemented in order to specifically handle a thrown type. See the SWIG C++ documentation for more details.

36.3.16 C++ STL

The Standard Template Library (STL) is partially supported. See STL for more details.

36.4 Type mappings and libraries

36.4.1 Default primitive type mappings

The following table provides the equivalent Scilab type for C/C++ primitive types.

Notes:

• In Scilab the double type is far more used than any integer type. This is why integer values (int32, uint32, ...) are automatically converted to Scilab double values when marshalled from C into Scilab. Additionally on input to a C function, Scilab double values are converted into the related integer type.
• When an integer is expected, if the input is a double, the value must be an integer, i.e. it must not have any decimal part, otherwise a SWIG value error occurs.
• In SWIG for Scilab 5.x, the long long type is not supported, since Scilab 5.x does not have a 64-bit integer type. The default behaviour is for SWIG to generate code that will give a runtime error if long long type arguments are used from Scilab.

36.4.2 Arrays

Typemaps are available by default for arrays. Primitive type arrays are automatically converted to/from Scilab matrices. Typemaps are also provided to handle members of a struct or class that are arrays.

In input, the matrix is usually one-dimensional (it can be either a row or column vector). But it can also be a two-dimensional matrix. Warning: in Scilab, the values are column-major ordered, unlike in C, which is row-major ordered.

The type mappings used for arrays is the same for primitive types, described earlier. This means that, if needed, a Scilab double vector is converted in input into the related C integer array and this C integer array is automatically converted on output into a Scilab double vector. Note that unlike scalars, no control is done for arrays when a double is converted into an integer.

The following example illustrates all this:

%module example

%#include <stdio.h>

%inline %{

void printArray(int values[], int len) {
  int i = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
    printf("%s %d %s", i==0?"[":"", values[i], i==len-1?"]\n":"");
  }
}
%}

--> printArray([0 1 2 3], 4)
[ 0  1  2  3 ]

--> printArray([0.2; -1.8; 2; 3.7], 4)
[ 0  -1  2  3 ]

--> printArray([0 1; 2 3], 4)
[ 0  2  1  3 ]

--> printArray([0; 1; 2; 3], 4)
[ 0  1  2  3 ]

36.4.3 Pointer-to-pointers

There are no specific typemaps for pointer-to-pointers, they are mapped as pointers in Scilab.

Pointer-to-pointers are sometimes used to implement matrices in C. The following is an example of this:

%module example
%inline %{

// Returns the matrix [1 2; 3 4];
double **create_matrix() {
  double **M;
  int i;
  M = (double **) malloc(2 * sizeof(double *));
  for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
    M[i] = (double *) malloc(2 * sizeof(double));
    M[i][0] = 2 * i + 1;
    M[i][1] = 2 * i + 2;
  }
  return M;
}

// Gets the item M(i, j) value
double get_matrix(double **M, int i, int j) {
  return M[i][j];
}

// Sets the item M(i, j) value to be val
void set_matrix(double **M, int i, int j, double val) {
  M[i][j] = val;
}

// Prints a matrix (2, 2) to console
void print_matrix(double **M, int nbRows, int nbCols) {
  int i, j;
  for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
      printf("%3g ", M[i][j]);
    }
    printf("\n");
  }
}

%}

These functions are used like this in Scilab:

--> m = create_matrix();

--> print_matrix(m);
   1.   2.
   3.   4.

--> set_matrix(m, 1, 1, 5.);

--> get_matrix(m, 1, 1)
 ans  =

    5.

36.4.4 Matrices

The matrix.i library provides a set of typemaps which can be useful when working with one-dimensional and two-dimensional matrices.

In order to use this library, just include it in the interface file:

  %include <matrix.i>

Several typemaps are available for the common Scilab matrix types:

• double
• int
• char *
• bool

For example: for a matrix of int, we have the typemaps, for input:

• (int *IN, int IN_ROWCOUNT, int IN_COLCOUNT)
• (int IN_ROWCOUNT, int IN_COLCOUNT, int *IN)
• (int *IN, int IN_SIZE)
• (int IN_SIZE, int *IN)

and output:

• (int **OUT, int *OUT_ROWCOUNT, int *OUT_COLCOUNT)
• (int *OUT_ROWCOUNT, int *OUT_COLCOUNT, int **OUT)
• (int **OUT, int *OUT_SIZE)
• (int *OUT_SIZE, int **OUT)

They marshall a Scilab matrix type into the appropriate 2 or 3 C parameters. The following is an example using the typemaps in this library:

%module example

%include <matrix.i>

%apply (int *IN, int IN_ROWCOUNT, int IN_COLCOUNT) { (int *matrix, int matrixNbRow, int matrixNbCol) };
%apply (int **OUT, int *OUT_ROWCOUNT, int *OUT_COLCOUNT) { (int **outMatrix, int *outMatrixNbRow, int *outMatrixNbCol) };

%inline %{

void absolute(int *matrix, int matrixNbRow, int matrixNbCol,
  int **outMatrix, int *outMatrixNbRow, int *outMatrixNbCol) {
  int i, j;
  *outMatrixNbRow = matrixNbRow;
  *outMatrixNbCol = matrixNbCol;
  *outMatrix = malloc(matrixNbRow * matrixNbCol * sizeof(int));
  for (i=0; i < matrixNbRow * matrixNbCol; i++) {
    (*outMatrix)[i] = matrix[i] > 0 ? matrix[i]:-matrix[i];
  }
}

%}

--> absolute([-0 1 -2; 3 4 -5])
 ans  =

    0.    1.    2.
    3.    4.    5.

The remarks made earlier for arrays also apply here:

• The values of matrices in Scilab are column-major orderered,
• There is no control while converting double values to integers, double values are truncated without any checking or warning.

36.4.5 STL

The STL library wraps some containers defined in the STL (Standard Template Library), so that they can be manipulated in Scilab. This library also provides the appropriate typemaps to use the containers in functions and variables.

The list of wrapped sequence containers are:

• std::vector
• std::list
• std::deque

And associative containers are:

• std::set
• std::multiset

Typemaps are available for the following container types:

• double
• float
• int
• string
• bool
• pointer

Containers of other item types are not supported. Using them does not break compilation, but provokes a runtime error. Containers of enum are not supported yet.

In order to use the STL, the library must first be included in the SWIG interface file:

%include <stl.i>

Then for each container used, the appropriate template must be instantiated, in the std namespace:

namespace std {
    %template(IntVector)    vector<int>;
    %template(DoubleVector) vector<double>;
}

Additionally, the module initialization function has to be executed first in Scilab, so that all the types are known to Scilab. See the Module initialization section for more details.

Because in Scilab matrices exist for basic types only, a sequence container of pointers is mapped to a Scilab list. For other item types (double, int, string...) the sequence container is mapped to a Scilab matrix.

The first example below shows how to create a vector (of int) in Scilab, add some values to the vector and pass it as an argument of a function. It also shows, thanks to the typemaps, that we can also pass a Scilab matrix of values directly into the function:

%module example

%include <stl.i>

namespace std {
  %template(IntVector) vector<int>;
}

%{
#include <numeric>
%}

%inline %{

double average(std::vector<int> v) {
  return std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0.0) / v.size();
}

%}

--> example_Init();

--> v = new_IntVector();

--> for i = 1:4
-->     IntVector_push_back(v, i);
--> end;

--> average(v)
 ans  =

    2.5

--> average([0 1 2 3])
 ans  =

    2.5

--> delete_IntVector();

In the second example, a set of struct (Person) is wrapped. A function performs a search in this set, and returns a subset. As one can see, the result in Scilab is a list of pointers:

%module example

%include <stl.i>

%{
#include <string>
%}

%inline %{

struct Person {
  Person(std::string _name, int _age) : name(_name), age(_age) {};
  std::string name;
  int age;
};
typedef Person * PersonPtr;

%}

namespace std {
  %template(PersonPtrSet) set<PersonPtr>;
}

%inline %{

std::set<PersonPtr> findPersonsByAge(std::set<PersonPtr> persons, int minAge, int maxAge) {
  std::set<PersonPtr> foundPersons;
  for (std::set<PersonPtr>::iterator it = persons.begin(); it != persons.end(); it++) {
    if (((*it)->age >= minAge) && ((*it)->age <= maxAge)) {
      foundPersons.insert(*it);
    }
  }
  return foundPersons;
}

%}

--> example_Init();

--> joe = new_Person("Joe", 25);
--> susan = new_Person("Susan", 32);
--> bill = new_Person("Bill", 50);

--> p = new_PersonPtrSet();
--> PersonPtrSet_insert(p, susan);
--> PersonPtrSet_insert(p, joe);
--> PersonPtrSet_insert(p, bill);

--> l = findPersonsByAge(p, 20, 40);

--> size(l)
 ans  =

    2.

--> Person_name_get(l(1))
ans  =

    Susan

--> Person_name_get(l(2))
 ans  =

    Joe

--> delete_PersonPtrSet(p);

36.5 Module initialization

The wrapped module contains an initialization function to:

• initialize the SWIG runtime, needed for pointer type tracking or when working with the STL
• initialize the module constants and enumerations declared with %scilabconst()

This initialization function should be executed at the start of a script, before the wrapped library has to be used.

The function has the name of the module suffixed by _Init. For example, to initialize the module example:

--> example_Init();

36.6 Building modes

The mechanism to load an external module in Scilab is called Dynamic Link and works with dynamic modules (or shared libraries, .so files).

To produce a dynamic module, when generating the wrapper, there are two possibilities, or build modes:

• the nobuilder mode, this is the default mode in SWIG. The user is responsible of the build.
• the builder mode. In this mode, Scilab is responsible of building.

36.6.1 No-builder mode

In this mode, used by default, SWIG generates the wrapper sources, which have to be manually compiled and linked. A loader script loader.sce is also produced, this one is executed further in Scilab to load the module.

This mode is the best option to use when you have to integrate the module build into a larger build process.

36.6.2 Builder mode

In this mode, in addition to the wrapper sources, SWIG produces a builder Scilab script (builder.sce), which is executed in Scilab to build the module. In a few words, the Scilab ilib_build() command is used, which produces the shared library file, and the loader script loader.sce (and also a cleaner script cleaner.sce).

An advantage of this mode is that it hides all the complexity of the build and other platform issues. Also it allows the module to conform to a Scilab external module convention which is that an external module should be simply built by calling a builder script.

The builder mode is activated with the -builder SWIG option. In this mode, the following SWIG options may be used to setup the build:

• -buildersources: to add sources to the build (several files must be separated by a comma)
• -buildercflags: to add flags to the builder compiler flags, for example to set library dependencies include paths
• -builderldflags: to add flags to the linker flags, for example to set library dependency names and paths

Let's give an example how to build a module example, composed of two sources, and using a library dependency:

• the sources are baa1.c and baa2.c (and are stored in the current directory)
• the library is libfoo in /opt/foo (headers stored in /opt/foo/include, and shared library in /opt/foo/lib)

The command is:

$ swig -scilab -builder -buildercflags -I/opt/foo/include -builderldflags "-L/opt/foo/lib -lfoo" -buildersources baa1.cxx, baa2.cxx example.i

36.7 Generated scripts

In this part we give some details about the generated Scilab scripts.

36.7.1 Builder script

builder.sce is the name of the builder script generated by SWIG in builder mode. It contains code like this:

ilib_name = "examplelib";
files = ["example_wrap.c"];
libs = [];
table = ["fact", "_wrap_fact";"Foo_set", "_wrap_Foo_set";"Foo_get", "_wrap_Foo_get";];
ilib_build(ilib_name, table, files, libs);

ilib_build(lib_name, table, files, libs) is used to create shared libraries, and to generate a loader file used to dynamically load the shared library into Scilab.

• ilib_name: a character string, the generic name of the library without path and extension.
• files: string matrix containing objects files needed for shared library creation.
• libs: string matrix containing extra libraries needed for shared library creation.
• table: two column string matrix containing a table of pairs of 'scilab function name', 'C function name'.

36.7.2 Loader script

The loader script is used to load in Scilab all the module functions. When loaded, these functions can be used as other Scilab functions.

The loader script loader.sce contains code similar to:

// ------------------------------------------------------
// generated by builder.sce: Please do not edit this file
// ------------------------------------------------------

libexamplelib_path = get_file_path('loader.sce');
list_functions = [             'fact';
            'Foo_set';
            'Foo_get';
];
addinter(libexamplelib_path+'/libexamplelib.so', 'libexamplelib', list_functions);
// remove temp. variables on stack
clear libexamplelib_path;
clear list_functions;
clear get_file_path;
// ------------------------------------------------------

addinter(files, spname, fcts) performs dynamic linking of a compiled C interface function.

• files: a character string or a vector of character strings defining the object files (containing the C interface functions) to link with.
• spname: a character string. Name of interface routine entry point.
• fcts: vector of character strings. The name of new Scilab function.

36.8 Other resources

• Example use cases can be found in the Examples/scilab directory.
• The test suite in the Examples/test-suite/scilab can be another source of useful use cases.
• The Scilab API is used in the generated code and is a useful reference when examining the output.
• This guide describes the Scilab external modules structure and files, in particular the files that are generated by SWIG for Scilab.