34 SWIG and R

R is a GPL'ed open source statistical and plotting environment. Information about R can be found at www.r-project.org.

The R bindings are under active development. They have been used to compile and run an R interface to QuantLib running on Mandriva Linux with gcc. They are also used to create the SimpleITK R package, which runs on Linux and MacOS. SWIG is used to create all wrapper interfaces to SimpleITK. The R bindings also work on Microsoft Windows using Visual C++.

34.1 Bugs

Currently the following features are not implemented or broken:

• Garbage collection of some created objects. Finalizers are available for wrapped C++ classes and are called by the garbage collection system.
• C Array wrappings

34.2 Using R and SWIG

To use R and SWIG in C mode, execute the following commands where example.c is the name of the file with the functions in them

swig -r example.i
R CMD SHLIB example_wrap.c example.c

The corresponding options for C++ mode are

swig -c++ -r -o example_wrap.cpp example.i
R CMD SHLIB example_wrap.cpp example.cpp

Note that R is sensitive to the names of the files. The name of the wrapper file must be the name of the library unless you use the -o option to R when building the library, for example:

swig -c++ -r -o example_wrap.cpp example.i
R CMD SHLIB -o example.so example_wrap.cpp example.cpp

R is also sensitive to the name of the file extension in C and C++ mode. In C++ mode, the file extension must be .cpp rather than .cxx for the R compile command to recognize it. If your C++ code is in a file using something other than a .cpp extension, then it may still work using PKG_LIBS:

swig -c++ -r -o example_wrap.cpp example.i
PKG_LIBS="example.cxx" R CMD SHLIB -o example example_wrap.cpp

The commands produces two files. A dynamic shared object file called example.so, or example.dll, and an R wrapper file called example.R. To load these files, start up R and type in the following commands

dyn.load(paste("example", .Platform$dynlib.ext, sep=""))
source("example.R")
cacheMetaData(1)

The cacheMetaData(1) will cause R to refresh its object tables. Without it, inheritance of wrapped objects may fail. These two files can be loaded in any order.

If you are compiling code yourself (not using R itself), there are a few things to watch out for:

• The output shared library name (to the left of the file extension) MUST match the module name, or alternatively, you can also set the -package NAME command line argument. See swig -r -help for more information
• If you do not set the output file name appropriately, you might see errors like

  > fact(4)
  Error in .Call("R_swig_fact", s_arg1, as.logical(.copy), PACKAGE = "example") :
    "R_swig_fact" not available for .Call() for package "example"
  

• Make sure the architecture of the shared library(x64 for instance), matches the architecture of the R program you want to load your shared library into

34.3 Precompiling large R files

In cases where the R file is large, one make save a lot of loading time by precompiling the R wrapper. This can be done by creating the file makeRData.R which contains the following

source('BigFile.R')
save(list=ls(all=TRUE), file="BigFile.RData", compress=TRUE)
q(save="no")

This will generate a compiled R file called BigFile.RData that will save a large amount of loading time.

There is no need to precompile large R files if the SWIG-generated code is being included in an R package. The package infrastructure provides this service during package installation.

34.4 General policy

The general policy of the module is to treat the C/C++ as a basic wrapping over the underlying functions and rely on the R type system to provide R syntax.

34.5 Language conventions

getitem and setitem use C++ conventions (i.e. zero based indices). [<- and [ are overloaded to allow for R syntax (one based indices and slices)

34.6 C++ classes

Wrapping of C++ classes for R works quite well. R has a special type, known as an external reference, that can be used as a pointer to arbitrary things, including C++ classes. The proxy layers generated for other classes are not required.

SWIG currently creates a custom hierarchy of R classes derived from the external reference type and implements type checking and function overloading in the R code it generates. In the future we hope to utilise the built in R6 class structures.

The R interface has the following capabilities:

• Destructor methods are registered and called automatically by the R garbage collector.
• A range of std::vector types are converted automatically to R equivalents via the std_vector.i library.
• The $ operator is used for method access.
• Variable accessors are automatically generated and called via the $, [, [[, $<-, [<-, [[<- operators.

34.6.1 Examples

Consider the following simple example:

class Vehicle {
private:
  int m_axles;

public:
  int Axles() {
    return(m_axles);
  }

  bool Available;

  Vehicle() {
    Available=false;
    m_axles=2;
  }

  Vehicle(int ax) {
    Available=false;
    m_axles=ax;
  }
};

The following options are available in R:

v1 <- Vehicle()
v2 <- Vehicle(4)
# access members
v1$Axles()
[1] 2
v2$Axles
[1] 4
v1$Available
[1] FALSE
# Set availability
v1$Available <- TRUE
v1$Available
[1] TRUE

A useful trick to determine the methods that are available is to query the R method definition as follows:

# display the methods for the class
getMethod("$", class(v1))
    
Method Definition:

function (x, name) 
{
    accessorFuns = list(Axles = Vehicle_Axles, Available = Vehicle_Available_get)
    vaccessors = c("Available")
    idx = pmatch(name, names(accessorFuns))
    if (is.na(idx)) 
        return(callNextMethod(x, name))
    f = accessorFuns[[idx]]
    if (is.na(match(name, vaccessors))) 
        function(...) {
            f(x, ...)
        }
    else f(x)
}

Signatures:
        x           
target  "_p_Vehicle"
defined "_p_Vehicle"

The names in the accessorFuns list correspond to class methods while names in the vaccessors section correspond to variables that may be modified.

34.7 Enumerations

R doesn't have a native enumeration type. Enumerations are represented as character strings in R, with calls to R functions that convert back and forth between integers.

The details of enumeration names and contents are stored in hidden R environments, which are named according to the enumeration name - for example, an enumeration colour:

enum colour { red=-1, blue, green = 10 };

will be initialized by the following call in R:

defineEnumeration("_colour",
 .values=c("red" = .Call('R_swig_colour_red_get',FALSE, PACKAGE='enum_thorough'),
"blue" = .Call('R_swig_colour_blue_get',FALSE, PACKAGE='enum_thorough'),
"green" = .Call('R_swig_colour_green_get',FALSE, PACKAGE='enum_thorough')))

which will create an environment named .__E___colour. The enumeration values are initialised via calls to C/C++ code, allowing complex values for enumerations to be used. Calls to the C/C++ code require the compiled library to be loaded, so a delayedAssign is employed within defineEnumeration in order to allow the code to be easily used in R packages.

The user typically does not need to access the enumeration lookup functions or know the name of the enumeration type used by R. Attributes containing the type information are attached by swig to functions requiring enumeration arguments or returning enumeration values, and those attributes are used to identify and access the appropriate environments and thus translate between characters and integers.

The relevant functions, for debugging purposes, are enumToInteger and enumFromInteger.

Anonymous enumerations are ignored by the binding generation process, leaving no way of accessing the value of anonymous enumerations from R code.